A military-led economy eager for reform

D3

SENSITIVE RISK for entreprise

  • Economic risk

  • Business environment risk

  • Political risk

  • Commercial risk

  • Financing risk

  • Economic risk

  • Business environment risk

  • Political risk

  • Commercial risk

  • Financing risk

Updated in January 2025.  
GDP USD 395.9bn (World ranking 38, World Bank 2023)
Population 112.7mn (World ranking 14, World Bank 2023)

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Form of state Semi-presidential Republic
Head of state Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (President)
Next elections 2025, legislative
Strenghts
  • High economic growth rates, despite structural challenges, driven by domestic and foreign investments in infrastructure and construction.
  •  Efforts made to diversify financial channels and attract international investments, including strategic moves such as privatization plans and exploring alternative funding sources such as Panda bonds.
  • Currency depreciation presents opportunities for Egyptian companies to compete on the global stage.
Weaknesses
  • High inflation rates, particularly for food prices, pose a significant challenge to the economy, impacting purchasing power and creating difficulties in managing foreign exchange reserves.
  • Potential for social unrest, driven by issues such as youth unemployment, currency depreciation and geopolitical tensions, poses a risk to political stability.
  • Challenges in accessing diverse funding sources due to high global interest rates, large credit default swap spreads and interruptions in IMF programs, which could strain financial resilience and ultimately lead to a sovereign default.
(% of total, 2023)
  Exports Rank Imports  
Turkey 8.5% 1 China 16.6%
Saudi Arabia 7.9% 2 Saudi Arabia 7.3%
Italy 6.8% 3 Russian Federation 6.0%
United Arab Emirates 5.3% 4 Germany 5.9%
United States 5.0% 5 United States 5.9%
(% of total, annual 2023)
Exports Rank Imports
Vegetables and fruits 11.8%
1 11.3% Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials
Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials 10.8%
2 6.8% Cereals and cereal preparations
Gas, natural and manufactured 6.4%
3 4.4% Road vehicles
Fertilizers other than group 272 6.0%
4 4.4% Other industrial machinery and parts
Articles of apparel & clothing accessories 5.8%
5 4.3% Iron and steel