A military-led economy eager for reform
D3
SENSITIVE RISK for entreprise
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Economic risk
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Business environment risk
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Political risk
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Commercial risk
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Financing risk
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Economic risk
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Business environment risk
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Political risk
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Commercial risk
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Financing risk
Updated in January 2025.
GDP | USD 395.9bn (World ranking 38, World Bank 2023) |
Population | 112.7mn (World ranking 14, World Bank 2023) |
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Strengths & Weaknesses

- High economic growth rates, despite structural challenges, driven by domestic and foreign investments in infrastructure and construction.
- Efforts made to diversify financial channels and attract international investments, including strategic moves such as privatization plans and exploring alternative funding sources such as Panda bonds.
- Currency depreciation presents opportunities for Egyptian companies to compete on the global stage.

- High inflation rates, particularly for food prices, pose a significant challenge to the economy, impacting purchasing power and creating difficulties in managing foreign exchange reserves.
- Potential for social unrest, driven by issues such as youth unemployment, currency depreciation and geopolitical tensions, poses a risk to political stability.
- Challenges in accessing diverse funding sources due to high global interest rates, large credit default swap spreads and interruptions in IMF programs, which could strain financial resilience and ultimately lead to a sovereign default.
Economic Overview
Trade Structure by destination/origin
(% of total, 2023)
Exports | Rank | Imports | ||
Turkey 8.5% | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
China 16.6% |
Saudi Arabia 7.9% | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
Saudi Arabia 7.3% |
Italy 6.8% | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
Russian Federation 6.0% |
United Arab Emirates 5.3% | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
Germany 5.9% |
United States 5.0% | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
United States 5.9% |
Trade Structure by product
(% of total, annual 2023)
Exports | Rank | Imports |
Vegetables and fruits 11.8% |
1 | 11.3% Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials |
Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials 10.8% |
2 | 6.8% Cereals and cereal preparations |
Gas, natural and manufactured 6.4% |
3 | 4.4% Road vehicles |
Fertilizers other than group 272 6.0% |
4 | 4.4% Other industrial machinery and parts |
Articles of apparel & clothing accessories 5.8% |
5 | 4.3% Iron and steel |
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